Gene {archipelago gene} (ago gene) (AGO gene) products {ago protein} can regulate cell cycle, cell-differentiation Notch signaling pathway, and Alzheimer's-disease beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing pathway. Ago protein contains F-box domain and seven WD40 repeat motifs. F-boxes and WD40 repeats are typically in ubiquitin-ligase complexes of ubiquitin/proteasome proteolytic pathway.
F-box
F-box domain interacts with proteins {Skp1 protein} of protein complexes {SCF complex}. Organisms have many F-box proteins, with more than 100 in Caenorhabditis elegans roundworm, for example.
WD40
WD40 repeats interact with cyclin E and cyclin F. WD40 repeats have repeating units of 40 amino acids, with tryptophan, with symbol W, and aspartic acid, with symbol D, at defined positions.
LRR repeats
Leucine-rich repeats {LRR repeat} interact with cyclin E.
cyclin E
Ago protein recognizes cyclin E and catalyzes covalent ubiquitin-to-cyclin-E attachment. Ago protein decreases cell proliferation by this mechanism.
In Drosophila cell cycle, regulatory protein {cyclin E} can increase transition from gap-1 phase to S phase, which has DNA synthesis and replication. Cyclin E genes are tumor suppressor genes. Cyclin E problems can cause cancer. Elevated intracellular cyclin E levels increase cell proliferation.
Protein-complex {ubiquitin ligase complex} substrate-recognition components are in proteolytic pathways {ubiquitin/proteasome proteolytic pathway}. Ubiquitination attaches 76-amino-acid peptides {ubiquitin, complex} to proteins. The 26S proteasome then degrades ubiquitin and protein. Ubiquitin/proteasome proteolytic pathway decreases cell-cycle-regulation, cell-proliferation, differentiation, and development proteins.
Ubiquitin/proteasome proteolytic pathway has ubiquitin-activating enzymes {E1 gene}.
Ubiquitin/proteasome proteolytic pathway has ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes {E2 gene}.
Ubiquitin/proteasome proteolytic pathway has ubiquitin ligases {E3 gene}, such as SCF types. Ubiquitin ligase connects cell-cycle protein to ubiquitin and controls protein level.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225